Sunbrite TV is an American manufacturer Outdoor TVs, has different models from 23 "to 55" all HD. At the show in Las Vegas we saw the quality of products, and endure the terrible sun of summer rains.
Tuesday, November 30, 2010
Herpes En Gluteos Fotos
TVs
Sunbrite TV is an American manufacturer Outdoor TVs, has different models from 23 "to 55" all HD. At the show in Las Vegas we saw the quality of products, and endure the terrible sun of summer rains.
Sunbrite TV is an American manufacturer Outdoor TVs, has different models from 23 "to 55" all HD. At the show in Las Vegas we saw the quality of products, and endure the terrible sun of summer rains.
As you know the quality is expensive and has little competition in the market means that prices tend to be quite high. 
The smaller tv is 23 "and is priced around $ 2000 and 55" about $ 8000
The smaller tv is 23 "and is priced around $ 2000 and 55" about $ 8000 
Monday, November 29, 2010
Nutrition Facts Deer Sausage
Evidence Based Veterinary I
In Imacardio we firmly believe that a veterinarian and a quality veterinary cardiology pass as close as possible to the principles of Veterinary Medicine Based on Evidence. To clarify what this concept means to explain everything here on this current of opinion.
When faced with a clinical problem, the vet finds a multitude of questions, which must find the answer. Usually the solution is to use the experience and medical knowledge accumulated, either personally or by consulting a more experienced colleague. In case this is not enough, refer to textbooks and extraordinarily read a recent review published in a veterinary journal.
However, this classical approach, although widely practiced, is not the most appropriate. Generalize from the experience is not systematic, self-employed persons, and obtained from a limited number of cases it may be dangerous and often lead to errors. Textbooks are often based on outdated references and reviews published in scientific journals, often of little use to solve specific clinical problems.
Veterinary science is fraught with unacceptable variations in medical practice and only a minority of procedures for daily use are supported by reliable scientific studies.
This situation also occurred in human medicine which led a group of doctors from McMaster University to start a new movement within the teaching and practice of medicine, which they called "Evidence Based Medicine (EBM). In veterinary medicine the term first appears in "The Veterinary Records" in 1998 in letters which discussed the application of EBM in veterinary medicine. In 2003 he published "Evidence-Based Handbook VeterinaryMedicine od" by Peter Cockcroft and Mark A. Holmes
Although the concept is not new, this event appears linked to the introduction of statistical and epidemiological methods in medical practice, development of tools for the systematic literature review and critical evaluation of scientific literature as a way to grade their usefulness and validity.
But what is the evidence-based medicine?
evidence-based medicine, not evidence - the English word meaning evidence not proof or evidence, which has the "evidence" English ", is one approach to clinical problems. In the EBM used to solve these research results generated by scientific. In the words of his predecessors is the use thorough, judicious and explicit statement of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care. "
In medical practice is still an empirical measures introduced and accepted uncritically apparent. The intention of evidence-based medicine is that this practice conforms to clinical research available so that, once located and evaluated by the physician or veterinarian, be applied to improve patient care and their own practice.
And how do you practice evidence-based medicine?
we must continue to practice five steps: 1 .-
accurately formulate a question from the patient's clinical problem.
To formulate a question correctly we must reduce it to clear and precise terms, this can be accomplished in a scheme that, in English, called PICO.
P (Patient Population): What is the patient and / or what is the problem of interest.
I (Intervention): What is the treatment or procedure that we consider
C (Comparison): Faced with that alternative treatment we consider
O (Outcomes): What is the result of the intervention.
2.-Locate
the available evidence in the literature.
At this point we must decide the most appropriate source of information.
Depending on the clinical question that we have raised, we need to find a particular type of test. Most find the answers in the form of research papers. The type of questions (etiology, diagnosis, treatment ...)
determine the methodology that should have the item and, therefore, the font where it should look.
At other times we need to collect a lot of research evidence, such as systematic reviews ometanalisis. These are not always published in the usual format of articles, but as monographs or special collections.
Search Help Internet Reference:
There are many interesting databases but probably the most powerful and effective as MEDLINE, easily accessible through PubMed, obviously most of the items are in human medicine but few correct parameters search you can find appropriate information for our purposes.
Other databases are: CAB Direct, AGRICOLA, IVIS oCONSULTANT.
refine a search to find the information may seem laborious but practice makes that in a short time, we get used to restrict and find the most appropriate terms. Continued on
Veterinary Medicine Evidence Based II
In Imacardio we firmly believe that a veterinarian and a quality veterinary cardiology pass as close as possible to the principles of Veterinary Medicine Based on Evidence. To clarify what this concept means to explain everything here on this current of opinion.
When faced with a clinical problem, the vet finds a multitude of questions, which must find the answer. Usually the solution is to use the experience and medical knowledge accumulated, either personally or by consulting a more experienced colleague. In case this is not enough, refer to textbooks and extraordinarily read a recent review published in a veterinary journal.
However, this classical approach, although widely practiced, is not the most appropriate. Generalize from the experience is not systematic, self-employed persons, and obtained from a limited number of cases it may be dangerous and often lead to errors. Textbooks are often based on outdated references and reviews published in scientific journals, often of little use to solve specific clinical problems.
Veterinary science is fraught with unacceptable variations in medical practice and only a minority of procedures for daily use are supported by reliable scientific studies.
This situation also occurred in human medicine which led a group of doctors from McMaster University to start a new movement within the teaching and practice of medicine, which they called "Evidence Based Medicine (EBM). In veterinary medicine the term first appears in "The Veterinary Records" in 1998 in letters which discussed the application of EBM in veterinary medicine. In 2003 he published "Evidence-Based Handbook VeterinaryMedicine od" by Peter Cockcroft and Mark A. Holmes
Although the concept is not new, this event appears linked to the introduction of statistical and epidemiological methods in medical practice, development of tools for the systematic literature review and critical evaluation of scientific literature as a way to grade their usefulness and validity.
But what is the evidence-based medicine?
evidence-based medicine, not evidence - the English word meaning evidence not proof or evidence, which has the "evidence" English ", is one approach to clinical problems. In the EBM used to solve these research results generated by scientific. In the words of his predecessors is the use thorough, judicious and explicit statement of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care. "
In medical practice is still an empirical measures introduced and accepted uncritically apparent. The intention of evidence-based medicine is that this practice conforms to clinical research available so that, once located and evaluated by the physician or veterinarian, be applied to improve patient care and their own practice.
we must continue to practice five steps: 1 .-
accurately formulate a question from the patient's clinical problem.
To formulate a question correctly we must reduce it to clear and precise terms, this can be accomplished in a scheme that, in English, called PICO.
P (Patient Population): What is the patient and / or what is the problem of interest.
I (Intervention): What is the treatment or procedure that we consider
C (Comparison): Faced with that alternative treatment we consider
O (Outcomes): What is the result of the intervention.
2.-Locate
the available evidence in the literature.
At this point we must decide the most appropriate source of information.
Depending on the clinical question that we have raised, we need to find a particular type of test. Most find the answers in the form of research papers. The type of questions (etiology, diagnosis, treatment ...)
determine the methodology that should have the item and, therefore, the font where it should look.
At other times we need to collect a lot of research evidence, such as systematic reviews ometanalisis. These are not always published in the usual format of articles, but as monographs or special collections.
Search Help Internet Reference:
There are many interesting databases but probably the most powerful and effective as MEDLINE, easily accessible through PubMed, obviously most of the items are in human medicine but few correct parameters search you can find appropriate information for our purposes.
Other databases are: CAB Direct, AGRICOLA, IVIS oCONSULTANT.
refine a search to find the information may seem laborious but practice makes that in a short time, we get used to restrict and find the most appropriate terms. Continued on
Veterinary Medicine Evidence Based II
Doujinshi Bulma And Vegeta
pool automatic pool cleaner offers
gone crazy We are liquidating stock in automatic pool cleaners, look it offers, no gimmicks, are new and all taxes and transport included, hurry up there are very few units.
gone crazy We are liquidating stock in automatic pool cleaners, look it offers, no gimmicks, are new and all taxes and transport included, hurry up there are very few units.
SETTLEMENT CLEANER TYPHON SALT 
SETTLEMENT EVAC CLEANER
CLEARANCE VORTEX CLEANER
Tuesday, November 23, 2010
Creamy Lotion Like Cervical Mucus
Advanced training in cardiology echocardiography
Continuing education is one of the premises in Imacardio, so we will soon begin studies in order to obtain the title "General Practitioner Certificate in Cardiology "offered by European School of Veterinary Postgraduate Studies (ESVPS). http://www.esvps.org/
hope this additional training in cardiology entrench our veterinary training and allows us to continue providing some services Galician quality clinicians. 
Continuing education is one of the premises in Imacardio, so we will soon begin studies in order to obtain the title "General Practitioner Certificate in Cardiology "offered by European School of Veterinary Postgraduate Studies (ESVPS). http://www.esvps.org/
hope this additional training in cardiology entrench our veterinary training and allows us to continue providing some services Galician quality clinicians.
Monday, November 22, 2010
Manfrotto 190xdb Replacement Parts
About
INTRODUCTION
echocardiography, is a noninvasive diagnostic test based on ultrasound scanning allows anatomical and functional heart. The echocardiography was a major breakthrough in cardiology both human and veterinary, since it allowed to replace other invasive techniques, more complex and dangerous as the catheterization and angiography.
is currently the most widely used technic to evaluate the functioning of the heart, to quantify the size of the heart chambers and diagnose pathologies that before the advent of echocardiography, could not be confirmed in clinical practice.
To successfully perform an echocardiogram is needed proper training in cardiology that involves a thorough knowledge of cardiac anatomy, the most common cardiovascular diseases in veterinary medicine and in particular the pathophysiological response of the heart against these pathologies.
Moreover echocardiographer prior experience is essential because, unlike other tests (eg ECG) echocardiography This method is very operator-dependent, so the practice and knowledge of the settings of the scanner are determining factors when making a diagnosis.
PREPARATION OF PATIENT:
Patient preparation for an echocardiogram is similar to that undertaken for any other ultrasound.
Since the contact between the skin and the transducer is very important both hemithorax normally pluck about the 3rd to 6th. intercostal space, from the unions costochondral to the sternum, to avoid avoiding interference caused by the hair of the patient, however, this can be avoided in patients with very short hair or a little thicker. Here are
wets the surface of contact with alcohol and place the ultrasound gel.
Usually the patient is placed in the lateral position on a stretcher and carried out the study from the bottom side, for it is generally used with a stretcher with an opening for that purpose.
can also perform the echocardiographic study with the animal in
station (standing) and work alongside the animal study, however, the lateral position with a special table that has the advantage of lying down on the side that we are evaluating avoids interference from the lungs.
TECHNICAL
In echocardiography using three imaging modalities (M-mode, B-mode and Doppler), each has its role in diagnosis of various diseases and the evaluation of treatment response. But as with other examinations, we must remember that the history, proper physical examination and other diagnostic tests (ECG, Rx, etc.) assist in determining the diagnosis.
MODE-B:
Also known as two-dimensional, allows to obtain a cut of the heart. This is the image most used and to determine cardiac anatomic structures and relationships, is the mode used to assess the anatomy, the presence of masses or effusions and to assess cardiac functionality generally
SO-M:
is a picture mode that shows a very small portion of the heart but can accurately assess the movement of this segment over time. This technique is appropriate for the correct measurement of cardiac chamber dimensions, wall thickness and valvular movements. This mode allows the identification of measures of ventricular septum, left ventricular chamber and left ventricular free wall in both systole and diastole, the relative size of the left atrium and indexes of cardiac pumping capacity, as the fraction shortening.
This index is a simple (but very incomplete) to assess systolic function (ie, pumping) of the left ventricle. Match the left ventricular internal diameter in systole and diastole, and gives an idea of \u200b\u200b
cardiac contractile capacity, the formula for calculating it is:
shortening fraction (FS%): Divide - Divis x 100DiVid
(Divide: left ventricular internal diameter in diastole)
(Currency: left ventricular internal diameter in systole)
MODE DOPPLER
Doppler mode allows exploiting the effect of the same name, see the blood flows and their characteristics such as speed, presence of turbulence. There are 3 types of Doppler modes: pulsed Doppler, continuous Doppler and color Doppler.
Thanks to information provided by the Doppler examination can fully assess the heart function and detect some abnormalities communications (such as patent ductus arteriosus) that can be difficult to visualize B-mode
Echocardiographic PROJECTIONS:
The presence of the rib around the heart hinders obtaining a cardiac imaging, which is why we use a "windows" parasternal, coming from the intercostal spaces , so we paraestenral windows left and right subcostal window.
In echocardiography standardization of the projections is essential to compare measurements in either the patient's own evolution as well as between different operators.
Right parasternal :
Located between the 3rd and 6th intercostal space between the sternum and the costochondral junction.
Allows projection of 4 cameras, which observed the atria, ventricles and atrio-ventricular valves, also with a slight rotation of the transducer allows observation of the ventricular outflow tract left and the root of the aorta.
further rotating the transducer, we obtain the short-axis cardiac
(perpendicular to the long axis), revealing the heart apex, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae and mitral valves.
Left cranial parasternal :
Located between the 3rd and 5th intercostal space between the breastbone and the union
costochondral, and allows just the right window a long-axis (long axis) of the outflow tract ventricle.
Left parasternal Flow:
Located between 5th and 7th intercostal space, as close as possible to the breastbone. Allows a longitudinal 4-chamber heart, and slightly rotating the transducer to observe the aortic root.
subcostal:
window is perfectly aligns aortic flow to make the necessary measurements.
echocardiographic MAIN
measurement in echocardiography parameters and obtaining certain indices play a role as important to the visual examination of the structures so that, once certain measures, these are compared to reference values \u200b\u200bmay in thus know whether the values \u200b\u200bare within normal range or not.
For example, the major changes, we can cite:
• left ventricular
- EXPANSION:
As in the cases of canine or feline dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular regurgitation, patent ductus arteriosus, ie all those diseases characterized by volume overload.
- HYPERTROPHY:
In cases where it is due to pressure overload, as subaortic stenosis or systemic hypertension or in cases where results from a primary condition myocardium, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
• right ventricle
- EXPANSION:
As in congenital or acquired tricuspid valve insufficiency, atrial septal defects or ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy, etc.
- HYPERTROPHY
As in pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary hypertension, hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy, infiltrative diseases, etc.
• Atrium
normally the size is assessed, the presence of intracavitary masses, or atrial septal defects. The left can be enlarged as a result of chronic mitral failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, mitral valve dysplasia, etc. The law as a result of tricuspid failure (congenital or acquired), dilated cardiomyopathy, heartworm, etc..
• VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIUM:
addition to see if there are alterations in wall thickness, echogenicity we see it, if you have areas of heterogeneity (eg in cases of infarction, necrosis, tumor, myocarditis, etc..), while observing the movement abnormalities mentioned above.
• HEART VALVE:
is of importance, in this case observe the movement of the same (but beyond the valve ring plane, as in mitral valve prolapse or chordal rupture, etc.) morphological characteristics, in cases of mitral valve degeneration, you can clearly see an enlargement and deformation of the valve. Another example of valvular morphological alteration is bacterial endocarditis, which can be observed deformation and calcification of the same.
• Pericardium:
The pericardium is the sac around the heart. It can be seen clearly in the echocardiographic study because it is very. Under certain conditions we can observe the presence of an abnormal amount of pericardial fluid (effusion), thus separating the two pericardial sheets. Normally the pericardial effusions are due to causes tumors or idiopathic effusions.
READING
Boon JA. Manual of veterinary echocardiography. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore,
Maryland, 1998.
Rd Kienle, Thomas WP. Echocardiography. In: Nyland TG, Mattoon JS (eds): Veterinary
diagnostic ultrasound. WB Saunders. Philadelphia, 1995. 198-257
Tachika Ohara, VY; Méndez Aguilar, RE. echocardiography. In: Belerenian, Mucha, Camacho.
cardiovascular disease in small animals. Intermedica Ed. 2001. 47-58
Bonagura JD, Miller MW, Darke PGG. Doppler echocardiography I. Pulsed-Wave and
continuous-wave examinations. Vet Clinics North Am: Small Anim Pract, 1998; 28:1325-1359.
Bonagura JD, Miller MW. Doppler echocardiography II. Color Doppler imaging. Vet Clinics
North Am: Small Anim Pract, 1998; 28: 1361-1389
Kittleson MD, Kienle RD.:En: Kittleson, Keinle (Ed): Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine.
Mosby. St. Louis,1998: 218-296.
Abbott, JA. Echocardiography. In: Abbott, JA. Small Animal Cardiology Secrets. Ed Hanley
& Belfus. 2000. 130-139.
Thursday, November 18, 2010
Venn Diagram Generator Pangloss
Removes lime and oil pool tiles
In areas where we have a lot of lime, or if we keep a watchful eye to maintain the pH, white spots usually appear on the waterline of the water if we add the oils and creams the stain becomes black. As many you have this problem different companies were asking if they had any solution.
the end is found in the bio The product that we wish to emphasize is the title 300 dex cleaner bio us ensures the removal of lime, oil and grease from the border of the pool. 
In areas where we have a lot of lime, or if we keep a watchful eye to maintain the pH, white spots usually appear on the waterline of the water if we add the oils and creams the stain becomes black. As many you have this problem different companies were asking if they had any solution.
the end is found in the bio stand 
dex which have different types of cleaners around to prevent and to solve other problems. As explained to us the product should be applied to the affected area leave for 5 minutes cepillar.A then we thought a great product but we have not been proven. not know if we can bring this product to Spain at a competitive price as being a chemical transport costs are multiplied by 300.
Monday, November 8, 2010
Pop Secret Nutrition Entire Bag
U.S. commitment to ecology in the swimming pool spa expo
Many of the novelties of the exhibition Las Vegas revolved around the ecology. 2 years ago in the English market are variable speed pumps. These pumps have several positive factors such as: proper adjustment of flow to the facility, its ability to filter at low speed (which vastly improves the filtration) and low power consumption. To sample the pump 
Pentai intelliFlo of r is consuming 158 w gives a rate of 94 gallons per minute (355litros/minuto) to 2 psi. This means that with 158 watt-hours we have a flow of 21,300 liters. To give us an idea a conventional bomb to have a capacity of 21,300 liters consumed 1000 w
This allows us to reduce the price of the electricity bill at the end of the month. Although Pentair was the first manufacturer to have these pumps other big brands have taken their own models.
Hayward ECOSTAR
Saturday, November 6, 2010
East Indian Escorts Las Vegas
ACVIM on Guide Lines management and diagnosis of hypertension
The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) in 2007 published an article critical consensus to understand the importance and the diagnosis and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Since then there have been some progress but remains the most important when deciding when and how we treat hypertension.
Fortunately for all is free and can be downloaded free at this link .
I recommend. 
The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) in 2007 published an article critical consensus to understand the importance and the diagnosis and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Since then there have been some progress but remains the most important when deciding when and how we treat hypertension.
Fortunately for all is free and can be downloaded free at this link .
I recommend.
Thursday, November 4, 2010
Blood In Stool Need To Go To Dr
News Las Vegas II Michael Phelps
Another innovation we have seen in the exhibition is a focus solar-powered submersible and 4 white leds. The solar panel captures energy and stores it in a battery, once charged lasts about 6 hours. To illuminate a pool of 8 x 4 meters needed 3 spots in the U.S. price of 165 dollars each, do not know whether it is available in Spain, but we will pay attention.
Another innovation we have seen in the exhibition is a focus solar-powered submersible and 4 white leds. The solar panel captures energy and stores it in a battery, once charged lasts about 6 hours. To illuminate a pool of 8 x 4 meters needed 3 spots in the U.S. price of 165 dollars each, do not know whether it is available in Spain, but we will pay attention.
Wednesday, November 3, 2010
Survey Questions About The Knowlege Of Std's
Gunitec with spa pool
The best swimmer of all time Michael Phelps
The best swimmer of all time Michael Phelps
(14 Olympic medals) has been on the stand today
Master Spas, where they presented their swim spas that have developed in conjunction with Phelps. After the presentation, has been signing autographs with the people who were in the exhibition one of them for us. Thank you very much Michael 
Gun Safety Course Minnesota Requirements
News
One of the innovations we've seen this morning is a solar filter system for swimming pools. This is a floating device with a solar panel, pump and filter cartridge 4. In the top panel is in solar within a pump and the bottom 4 cartridge filters. Measures about 80 x 80 cm filter capacity is 6 m 3 / hour. The price around 1200 euros.
One of the innovations we've seen this morning is a solar filter system for swimming pools. This is a floating device with a solar panel, pump and filter cartridge 4. In the top panel is in solar within a pump and the bottom 4 cartridge filters. Measures about 80 x 80 cm filter capacity is 6 m 3 / hour. The price around 1200 euros.
Tuesday, November 2, 2010
Did You Use Sigmacort 1% When Pregnant
CLINICAL UTILITY OF MONITORING CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF HOLTER ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
While the emergence of Holter dates back to 1961, the first article reporting the use of this monitoring in veterinary medicine does not appear until 1991 (Ambulatory electrocardiography in dogs.Hall LW et al Vet Rec.) The first records were too bulky and heavy and could only be used in large breeds. But technological advances and the advent of digital recorders have reduced the size and weight to the point that their use is feasible even in the case of cats as has already been published. 22, 23
Several decades of clinical experience in dogs and cats have shown that Holter monitoring is a cost-effective tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of heart rhythm disorders, aid in risk stratification of sudden death in cardiomyopathy of Doberman and Boxer, and evaluation of treatment-10
antiarrítmicos.2
DIRECTIONS REGISTRATION A registration HOLTER Holter
is indicated in many clinical situations, typically in the detection and assessment of the severity of supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmias as well as bradyarrhythmias. Can be used for:
1. Assess the complexity and frequency of cardiac arrhythmias detected during the resting ECG or auscultation.
2. To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological treatment.
3. Help determine the differential diagnosis in dogs with syncope and presyncope, when cardiac rhythm disturbances are not evident during auscultation or resting ECG.
4. It is useful as a screening test for cardiomyopathy in Doberman and Boxer.
5. Determine the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation dogs before and after treatment.
6. To assess the functional integrity of the artificial pacemaker.
A series of articles in the veterinary medical literature have described the use of Holter recordings for some of these indications. 2 ,3,7-9 ,11-16
1) assessment of the severity of the arrhythmia
When a veterinarian identifies a change in heart rhythm on auscultation in asymptomatic dogs in the resting ECG EV occasionally observed, it is not appropriate to assume that the arrhythmia is benign. A resting ECG records only a brief sample in time, but the arrhythmia is often more or less severe than estimated in a short ECG recording. February 10
Although the cause of an arrhythmia is often of greater prognostic value than the type of arrhythmia or complexity, ventricular tachycardia at a rate exceeding 250 beats / min, is always concern. Lethal ventricular tachycardia occurs in dogs at a rate exceeding 300 beats / min. At this rate, ventricular tachycardia can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation. 7 -9 ,11-13. Dogs with subaortic stenosis are an exception because the ventricular tachycardia can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation at rates even as low as 170 beats / min. As all dogs with subaortic stenosis should be evaluated by Holter for the presence (and severity) of arritmias.2 ,3,7-11, 13,14,16
2) To evaluate the effectiveness
antiarrhythmic therapy has already been shown in veterinary the greater sensitivity of Holter monitoring compared to conventional ECG to detect arrhythmias espontáneas.2-10 These arrhythmias often have a large inherent variability and often require a Holter study before and after treatment to determine whether medical therapy is having proarrhythmic effects, antiarrhythmic or if no effectiveness.3, 12.18.
The severity of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a period of 24 to 48 hours vary considerablemente.2, 10. Sometimes arrhythmias appear to be well controlled when the patient is at rest, only to become severe during exercise or excitement, or even for no reason. 3, 8,13,15,16.
Holter analysis is the most accurate noninvasive method to verify the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment in veterinary patients.
3) Diagnosis of the cause of syncope when heart rhythm disturbances are not evident
Syncope due to cardiac arrhythmias is common in dogs. May be due to bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, or fast, less frequently, rapid supraventricular tachycardia. The Holter can be a useful diagnostic test in patients with syncope and / or episodic weakness when the cause of syncope is not evident on an ECG tradicional.3, 11
neurocardiogenic syncope
neurocardiogenic syncope is common in geriatric dogs breeds pequeñas.19 In these patients apart from the bradycardia during syncope, heart rate and rhythm are usually normales.19 The Holter monitor to document the heart rhythm during syncope .
neurocardiogenic syncope is also a cause of syncope in some large breed dogs, especially Boxers and Golden Retrievers.20 Some normal dogs experiencing intense emotional episodes reflex bradycardia by stimulation adrenérgica.20 When there cardiomyopathy these dogs have normal echocardiograms and little or no EVs on ECG superficie.20 Boxers with cardiomyopathy may also experience bradycardia neurocardiogenic but may be accompanied by ventricular tachyarrhythmias of variable severity with or without abnormalities ecocardiográficas.20 Differentiation of the cause of syncope has important therapeutic implications.
other hand we have seen that the Doberman with cardiomyopathy may suffer fainting from excitement due to transient neurocardiogenic bradycardia. 11 In fact in Doberman, neurocardiogenic bradycardia with syncope is a marker of cardiomiopatía.11 Holter monitoring is essential to differentiate between neurocardiogenic syncope and those caused by ventricular tachycardia. 20
Bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome.
all bradyarrhythmias are not neurally mediated. Sick sinus syndrome is usually associated with the Cocker Spaniel, Miniature Schnauzer and West Highland White Terrier. When the bradycardia is the cause of syncope syndrome usually becomes evident in a resting ECG. The atrioventricular conduction block (AV) are generally advanced due to the degeneration of pathways. AV conduction blocks serious enough to cause syncope are usually evident in a resting ECG.
Ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial disease.
Patients with myocardial disease may present with syncope secondary to ventricular tachycardia. In patients with suspected this type of syncope and, if the ECG is not documented ventricular tachycardia, Holter monitoring is particularly suitable.
Atrial fibrillation secondary to advanced heart disease.
Syncope and episodic weakness may also occur after the onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with advanced heart disease. In these patients, atrial fibrillation is evident in a resting ECG. It is assumed that poor cardiac function, loss of atrial contraction, and rapid, irregular rhythm derived from the arrhythmias produced a marked decrease in cardiac output, leading to syncope. However, in dogs with cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation, syncope can also be caused by paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. The Holter can be a useful tool in the diagnosis of syncope in which the cause is not obvious and can be either the result of atrial fibrillation as a tachycardia ventricular.3 ,11-16
Others.
Holter monitoring can help detect and treat arrhythmias hereditary Pastor German and differential diagnosis of Labradors with syncope associated with exercise. Also present is the most sensitive method to diagnose arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia in both dogs and cats. 27
4) Screening in Doberman Pinscher and Boxer for cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathies are common in Doberman and Bóxers.7-9, 12.16 Owners and breeders of these breeds are becoming aware of the high incidence of these problems and are increasingly looking for more, screening of veterinarians. The more premature marker of cardiomyopathy in these races is the total number of EVs gained per record Holter.8, 9,15,16
is recommended, therefore, perform echocardiography and Holter monitoring once a year to all apparently healthy adult Doberman and Boxer.
5) Determination of ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation
one of the most common arrhythmia in dogs and is usually associated with advanced heart disease. Often when detected by traditional ECG, atrial fibrillation is presented as a persistent heart rate, rapid and irregular. The rate control rather than trying to control the pace, is a common treatment strategy for dogs with atrial fibrillation.
When dogs are examined in the hospital, particularly during immobilization for diagnostic testing, the sympathetic nervous system activity usually increases. This sympathetic activation decreases the refractory period of AV node tissue and increases its conductivity. For this reason, when a resting ECG is performed on a dog being treated for atrial fibrillation, ventricular response rate is higher when the patient is in the quiet of their surroundings habitual.21
The Holter monitoring in the home allows the accurate measurement of heart rate and their characteristics over a period of 24 hours in a natural environment and thus assess the effectiveness of treatment. There is evidence that in most patients, heart rate in the home environment is significantly slower than in the hospital.21
6) Evaluation of the functional integrity of artificial cardiac pacemakers
In Dogs with permanent artificial pacemaker, regularly confirmed normal pacemaker function. Holter monitoring can also provide information on pacemaker function, as the quantification of normal rate versus time of accelerated rate, sensitivity function of the speed of response to activity levels and the adequacy of the inhibition of spontaneous ectopic activity. Due to time constraints during the routine examination of hospital visits and limited capacity to store records pacemaker abnormal ECG, a Holter monitor may facilitate the diagnosis of pacemaker malfunction in recording the patient's rhythm over 24 hours or more daily activities.
TECHNICAL
Holter recorders are available with three to five electrodes. Five electrodes recorders have a higher sensitivity to differentiate artifacts from cardiac arrhythmias and differences of ESVs EVs.
However, the three-electrode Holter recorders are easy to implement and usually provide sufficient data
and carefully applying the electrodes ensuring you can almost always get high quality records. It is essential to have a good contact between electrodes and skin. To do this, you shave the hair on the binding sites of the electrodes. When the electrode-skin contact is firm and it's all well wrapped to prevent movement of the electrode, you get a high quality recording both during tranquil periods and as assets. Even vigorous activity is not usually associated with excessive artifacts. The
Holter placement requires a shave both sides of the chest, just caudal to the elbow (about the heart). Cropped areas may be relatively small enough to accommodate 5 or 7 patches (2 on one side, 3 on the other). The areas where the adhesive pads will be properly degreased with alcohol.
After fixing the electrodes are plugged and register them with a cohesive bandage that ensures your contact during the recording.
is essential that the owner keep a diary of the activities of the dog during the registration period. This journal should be attached to the examination for a correct interpretation.
OUTLOOK
Holter monitoring has been established as reliable method for detection and quantification of arrhythmias but is now starting to delve into both the Holter as a tool for assessing the integrity of the nervous system self as for the prediction of sudden death and there are publications that have evaluated the variability of heart rate 24 26, the T wave microalternancia or the phenomenon of turbulence. 25
REFERENCES 1. Holter NJ. New method for heart studies. Continuous electrocardiography of active subjects over long periods is now practical. Science 1961;134:1214-1220.
2. Marino DJ, Matthiesen DT, Fox PR, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in dogs undergoing splenectomy: a prospective study. Vet Surg 1994;23(2):101-106.
3. Miller RH, Lehmkuhl LB, Bonagura JD, et al. Retrospective analysis of the clinical utility of ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recordings in syncopal dogs: 44 cases (1991-1995). J Vet Intern Med 1999;13(2):111-122.
4. Goodwin JK. Holter monitoring and cardiac event recording. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998;28(6):1391-1407.
5. Hertel M, Kersten U, Mishcke R, et al. Long term ECG in dogs: comparison between computerized system and visual arrhythmia analysis. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1999;112:239-242.
6. Salerno DM, Granrud G, Hodges M. Accuracy of commercial 24-hour electrocardiogram analyzers for quantification of total repetitive ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1987;60(16):1299-1305.
7. Calvert CA, Hall G, Jacobs G, et al. Clinical and pathological findings in Doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210(4):505-511.
8. Calvert CA, Jacobs G, Pickus CW, et al. Results of ambulatory electrocardiography in overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with echocardiographic abnormalities. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217(9):1328-1332.
9. Calvert CA, Jacobs G, Smith DD, et al. Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman pinschers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216(1):34-39.
10. Raeder EA, Hohnloser SH, Graboys TB, et al. Spontaneous variability and circadian distribution of ectopic activity in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;12(3):656-661.
11. Calvert CA, Jacobs GJ, Pickus CW. Bradycardia-associated episodic weakness, syncope, and aborted sudden death in cardiomyopathic Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10(2):88-93.
12. Calvert CA, Jacobs GJ, Pickus CW. Efficacy and toxicity of tocainide for the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in Doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10(4):235-240.
13. Moise NS, Meyers-Wallen V, Flahive WJ, et al. Inherited ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in German shepherd dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24(1):233-243.
14. Moise NS, Gilmour RF Jr, Riccio ML, et al. Diagnosis of inherited ventricular tachycardia in German shepherd dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210(3):403-407.
15. Meurs KM, Spier AW, Miller MW, et al. Familial ventricular arrhythmias in boxers. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13(5):437-439.
16. Basso C, Fox PR, Meurs KM, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy causing sudden death in Boxer dogs: a new animal model of human disease (abst). Circulation 2002;106:199.
17. Vassalle M, Knob RE, Cummins M, et al. An analysis of fast idioventricular rhythm in the dog. Circ Res 1977; 41(2):218-226.
18. Calvert CA, Brown J. Influence of antiarrhythmia therapy on survival times of 19 clinically healthy Doberman pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy that experienced syncope, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death (1985-1998). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004;40(1):24-28.
19. Kraus MS. Syncope in small breed dogs, in Proceedings. 21st Annu Am Coll Vet Intern Med Forum, 2003;137-138.
20. Thomason JD, Calvert CA, et al. Bradycardia associated syncope in seven boxers with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (2002-2005) (abst). J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:589.
21. Zimmerman JM, Bright E, Orton EC. Does in-hospital electrocardiogram reflect 24 hour heart rate parameters assessed by Holter monitor in Irish Wolfhound? (abst). J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:451.
22. 24-Hour Holter Monitoring of Healthy Cats at Home with a New Light Holter Recorder. 17th ECVIM-CA Congress, 2007
23. Twenty-four hour Holter monitoring of unsedated healthy cats in the home environment. J Vet Cardiol. 2009 Jun;11(1):17-22
24. Assessment of heart rate variability in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Feb 15; 224 (4) :534-7
25. Heart Rate Turbulence in Healthy Dogs - Preliminary Study, 19th Congress ECVIM-CA, 2009
26. Heart rate variability in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. J Small Anim Pract. 1996 Feb; 37 (2) :69-75
27. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in two cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2005 Mar; 46 (3) :151-6. 
While the emergence of Holter dates back to 1961, the first article reporting the use of this monitoring in veterinary medicine does not appear until 1991 (Ambulatory electrocardiography in dogs.Hall LW et al Vet Rec.) The first records were too bulky and heavy and could only be used in large breeds. But technological advances and the advent of digital recorders have reduced the size and weight to the point that their use is feasible even in the case of cats as has already been published. 22, 23
Several decades of clinical experience in dogs and cats have shown that Holter monitoring is a cost-effective tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of heart rhythm disorders, aid in risk stratification of sudden death in cardiomyopathy of Doberman and Boxer, and evaluation of treatment-10
antiarrítmicos.2
DIRECTIONS REGISTRATION A registration HOLTER Holter
is indicated in many clinical situations, typically in the detection and assessment of the severity of supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmias as well as bradyarrhythmias. Can be used for:
1. Assess the complexity and frequency of cardiac arrhythmias detected during the resting ECG or auscultation.
2. To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological treatment.
3. Help determine the differential diagnosis in dogs with syncope and presyncope, when cardiac rhythm disturbances are not evident during auscultation or resting ECG.
4. It is useful as a screening test for cardiomyopathy in Doberman and Boxer.
5. Determine the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation dogs before and after treatment.
6. To assess the functional integrity of the artificial pacemaker.
A series of articles in the veterinary medical literature have described the use of Holter recordings for some of these indications. 2 ,3,7-9 ,11-16
1) assessment of the severity of the arrhythmia
When a veterinarian identifies a change in heart rhythm on auscultation in asymptomatic dogs in the resting ECG EV occasionally observed, it is not appropriate to assume that the arrhythmia is benign. A resting ECG records only a brief sample in time, but the arrhythmia is often more or less severe than estimated in a short ECG recording. February 10
Although the cause of an arrhythmia is often of greater prognostic value than the type of arrhythmia or complexity, ventricular tachycardia at a rate exceeding 250 beats / min, is always concern. Lethal ventricular tachycardia occurs in dogs at a rate exceeding 300 beats / min. At this rate, ventricular tachycardia can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation. 7 -9 ,11-13. Dogs with subaortic stenosis are an exception because the ventricular tachycardia can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation at rates even as low as 170 beats / min. As all dogs with subaortic stenosis should be evaluated by Holter for the presence (and severity) of arritmias.2 ,3,7-11, 13,14,16
2) To evaluate the effectiveness
antiarrhythmic therapy has already been shown in veterinary the greater sensitivity of Holter monitoring compared to conventional ECG to detect arrhythmias espontáneas.2-10 These arrhythmias often have a large inherent variability and often require a Holter study before and after treatment to determine whether medical therapy is having proarrhythmic effects, antiarrhythmic or if no effectiveness.3, 12.18.
The severity of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a period of 24 to 48 hours vary considerablemente.2, 10. Sometimes arrhythmias appear to be well controlled when the patient is at rest, only to become severe during exercise or excitement, or even for no reason. 3, 8,13,15,16.
Holter analysis is the most accurate noninvasive method to verify the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment in veterinary patients.
3) Diagnosis of the cause of syncope when heart rhythm disturbances are not evident
Syncope due to cardiac arrhythmias is common in dogs. May be due to bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, or fast, less frequently, rapid supraventricular tachycardia. The Holter can be a useful diagnostic test in patients with syncope and / or episodic weakness when the cause of syncope is not evident on an ECG tradicional.3, 11
neurocardiogenic syncope
neurocardiogenic syncope is common in geriatric dogs breeds pequeñas.19 In these patients apart from the bradycardia during syncope, heart rate and rhythm are usually normales.19 The Holter monitor to document the heart rhythm during syncope .
neurocardiogenic syncope is also a cause of syncope in some large breed dogs, especially Boxers and Golden Retrievers.20 Some normal dogs experiencing intense emotional episodes reflex bradycardia by stimulation adrenérgica.20 When there cardiomyopathy these dogs have normal echocardiograms and little or no EVs on ECG superficie.20 Boxers with cardiomyopathy may also experience bradycardia neurocardiogenic but may be accompanied by ventricular tachyarrhythmias of variable severity with or without abnormalities ecocardiográficas.20 Differentiation of the cause of syncope has important therapeutic implications.
other hand we have seen that the Doberman with cardiomyopathy may suffer fainting from excitement due to transient neurocardiogenic bradycardia. 11 In fact in Doberman, neurocardiogenic bradycardia with syncope is a marker of cardiomiopatía.11 Holter monitoring is essential to differentiate between neurocardiogenic syncope and those caused by ventricular tachycardia. 20
Bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome.
all bradyarrhythmias are not neurally mediated. Sick sinus syndrome is usually associated with the Cocker Spaniel, Miniature Schnauzer and West Highland White Terrier. When the bradycardia is the cause of syncope syndrome usually becomes evident in a resting ECG. The atrioventricular conduction block (AV) are generally advanced due to the degeneration of pathways. AV conduction blocks serious enough to cause syncope are usually evident in a resting ECG.
Ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial disease.
Patients with myocardial disease may present with syncope secondary to ventricular tachycardia. In patients with suspected this type of syncope and, if the ECG is not documented ventricular tachycardia, Holter monitoring is particularly suitable.
Atrial fibrillation secondary to advanced heart disease.
Syncope and episodic weakness may also occur after the onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with advanced heart disease. In these patients, atrial fibrillation is evident in a resting ECG. It is assumed that poor cardiac function, loss of atrial contraction, and rapid, irregular rhythm derived from the arrhythmias produced a marked decrease in cardiac output, leading to syncope. However, in dogs with cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation, syncope can also be caused by paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. The Holter can be a useful tool in the diagnosis of syncope in which the cause is not obvious and can be either the result of atrial fibrillation as a tachycardia ventricular.3 ,11-16
Others.
Holter monitoring can help detect and treat arrhythmias hereditary Pastor German and differential diagnosis of Labradors with syncope associated with exercise. Also present is the most sensitive method to diagnose arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia in both dogs and cats. 27
4) Screening in Doberman Pinscher and Boxer for cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathies are common in Doberman and Bóxers.7-9, 12.16 Owners and breeders of these breeds are becoming aware of the high incidence of these problems and are increasingly looking for more, screening of veterinarians. The more premature marker of cardiomyopathy in these races is the total number of EVs gained per record Holter.8, 9,15,16
is recommended, therefore, perform echocardiography and Holter monitoring once a year to all apparently healthy adult Doberman and Boxer.
5) Determination of ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation
one of the most common arrhythmia in dogs and is usually associated with advanced heart disease. Often when detected by traditional ECG, atrial fibrillation is presented as a persistent heart rate, rapid and irregular. The rate control rather than trying to control the pace, is a common treatment strategy for dogs with atrial fibrillation.
When dogs are examined in the hospital, particularly during immobilization for diagnostic testing, the sympathetic nervous system activity usually increases. This sympathetic activation decreases the refractory period of AV node tissue and increases its conductivity. For this reason, when a resting ECG is performed on a dog being treated for atrial fibrillation, ventricular response rate is higher when the patient is in the quiet of their surroundings habitual.21
The Holter monitoring in the home allows the accurate measurement of heart rate and their characteristics over a period of 24 hours in a natural environment and thus assess the effectiveness of treatment. There is evidence that in most patients, heart rate in the home environment is significantly slower than in the hospital.21
6) Evaluation of the functional integrity of artificial cardiac pacemakers
In Dogs with permanent artificial pacemaker, regularly confirmed normal pacemaker function. Holter monitoring can also provide information on pacemaker function, as the quantification of normal rate versus time of accelerated rate, sensitivity function of the speed of response to activity levels and the adequacy of the inhibition of spontaneous ectopic activity. Due to time constraints during the routine examination of hospital visits and limited capacity to store records pacemaker abnormal ECG, a Holter monitor may facilitate the diagnosis of pacemaker malfunction in recording the patient's rhythm over 24 hours or more daily activities.
TECHNICAL
Holter recorders are available with three to five electrodes. Five electrodes recorders have a higher sensitivity to differentiate artifacts from cardiac arrhythmias and differences of ESVs EVs.
However, the three-electrode Holter recorders are easy to implement and usually provide sufficient data
and carefully applying the electrodes ensuring you can almost always get high quality records. It is essential to have a good contact between electrodes and skin. To do this, you shave the hair on the binding sites of the electrodes. When the electrode-skin contact is firm and it's all well wrapped to prevent movement of the electrode, you get a high quality recording both during tranquil periods and as assets. Even vigorous activity is not usually associated with excessive artifacts. The
Holter placement requires a shave both sides of the chest, just caudal to the elbow (about the heart). Cropped areas may be relatively small enough to accommodate 5 or 7 patches (2 on one side, 3 on the other). The areas where the adhesive pads will be properly degreased with alcohol.
After fixing the electrodes are plugged and register them with a cohesive bandage that ensures your contact during the recording.
is essential that the owner keep a diary of the activities of the dog during the registration period. This journal should be attached to the examination for a correct interpretation.
OUTLOOK
Holter monitoring has been established as reliable method for detection and quantification of arrhythmias but is now starting to delve into both the Holter as a tool for assessing the integrity of the nervous system self as for the prediction of sudden death and there are publications that have evaluated the variability of heart rate 24 26, the T wave microalternancia or the phenomenon of turbulence. 25
REFERENCES 1. Holter NJ. New method for heart studies. Continuous electrocardiography of active subjects over long periods is now practical. Science 1961;134:1214-1220.
2. Marino DJ, Matthiesen DT, Fox PR, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in dogs undergoing splenectomy: a prospective study. Vet Surg 1994;23(2):101-106.
3. Miller RH, Lehmkuhl LB, Bonagura JD, et al. Retrospective analysis of the clinical utility of ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recordings in syncopal dogs: 44 cases (1991-1995). J Vet Intern Med 1999;13(2):111-122.
4. Goodwin JK. Holter monitoring and cardiac event recording. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998;28(6):1391-1407.
5. Hertel M, Kersten U, Mishcke R, et al. Long term ECG in dogs: comparison between computerized system and visual arrhythmia analysis. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1999;112:239-242.
6. Salerno DM, Granrud G, Hodges M. Accuracy of commercial 24-hour electrocardiogram analyzers for quantification of total repetitive ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1987;60(16):1299-1305.
7. Calvert CA, Hall G, Jacobs G, et al. Clinical and pathological findings in Doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210(4):505-511.
8. Calvert CA, Jacobs G, Pickus CW, et al. Results of ambulatory electrocardiography in overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with echocardiographic abnormalities. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217(9):1328-1332.
9. Calvert CA, Jacobs G, Smith DD, et al. Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman pinschers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216(1):34-39.
10. Raeder EA, Hohnloser SH, Graboys TB, et al. Spontaneous variability and circadian distribution of ectopic activity in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;12(3):656-661.
11. Calvert CA, Jacobs GJ, Pickus CW. Bradycardia-associated episodic weakness, syncope, and aborted sudden death in cardiomyopathic Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10(2):88-93.
12. Calvert CA, Jacobs GJ, Pickus CW. Efficacy and toxicity of tocainide for the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in Doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10(4):235-240.
13. Moise NS, Meyers-Wallen V, Flahive WJ, et al. Inherited ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in German shepherd dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24(1):233-243.
14. Moise NS, Gilmour RF Jr, Riccio ML, et al. Diagnosis of inherited ventricular tachycardia in German shepherd dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210(3):403-407.
15. Meurs KM, Spier AW, Miller MW, et al. Familial ventricular arrhythmias in boxers. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13(5):437-439.
16. Basso C, Fox PR, Meurs KM, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy causing sudden death in Boxer dogs: a new animal model of human disease (abst). Circulation 2002;106:199.
17. Vassalle M, Knob RE, Cummins M, et al. An analysis of fast idioventricular rhythm in the dog. Circ Res 1977; 41(2):218-226.
18. Calvert CA, Brown J. Influence of antiarrhythmia therapy on survival times of 19 clinically healthy Doberman pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy that experienced syncope, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death (1985-1998). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004;40(1):24-28.
19. Kraus MS. Syncope in small breed dogs, in Proceedings. 21st Annu Am Coll Vet Intern Med Forum, 2003;137-138.
20. Thomason JD, Calvert CA, et al. Bradycardia associated syncope in seven boxers with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (2002-2005) (abst). J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:589.
21. Zimmerman JM, Bright E, Orton EC. Does in-hospital electrocardiogram reflect 24 hour heart rate parameters assessed by Holter monitor in Irish Wolfhound? (abst). J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:451.
22. 24-Hour Holter Monitoring of Healthy Cats at Home with a New Light Holter Recorder. 17th ECVIM-CA Congress, 2007
23. Twenty-four hour Holter monitoring of unsedated healthy cats in the home environment. J Vet Cardiol. 2009 Jun;11(1):17-22
24. Assessment of heart rate variability in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Feb 15; 224 (4) :534-7
25. Heart Rate Turbulence in Healthy Dogs - Preliminary Study, 19th Congress ECVIM-CA, 2009
26. Heart rate variability in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. J Small Anim Pract. 1996 Feb; 37 (2) :69-75
27. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in two cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2005 Mar; 46 (3) :151-6.
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